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Beit She'arim (,〔The ancient Yemenite Jewish pronunciation of this town is ''"Beith Sha'arayim"'' (Heb. בֵּית שַׁעֲרַיִם), and is more closely related to the Greek rendition of name, i.e. Βησάρα. See: ''Babylonian Talmud, Punctuated'' (תלמוד בבלי מנוקד), ed. Yosef Amar, Jerusalem 1980, s.v. ''Sanhedrin'' 32b (Hebrew)〕 (アラビア語:بيت الغرباء ''bayt al-ġurabāʾ'')), also known as Beth She'arim or Besara (in Ancient Greek Βησάρα), literally ''The House of Two Gates'', is the archeological site of a Jewish town and a large number of ancient rock-cut Jewish tombs. The necropolis is part of the Beit She'arim National Park, which borders the town of Kiryat Tiv'on on the northeast and is located close to the modern moshav of Beit She'arim. It is situated 20 km east of Haifa in the southern foothills of the Lower Galilee. The park is managed by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority. In 2002 it was proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and was approved in 2015. The proposal describes the site as follows: The town's vast necropolis, carved out of soft limestone, contains more than 30 burial cave systems. Although only a portion of the necropolis has been excavated, it has been likened to a book inscribed in stone. Its catacombs, mausoleums, and sarcophagi are adorned with elaborate symbols and figures as well as an impressive quantity of incised and painted inscriptions in Hebrew, Aramaic, Palmyrene, and Greek, documenting two centuries of historical and cultural achievement. The wealth of artistic adornments contained in this, the most ancient extensive Jewish cemetery in the world, is unparalleled anywhere.〔(Beth She'arim ), UNESCO world heritage site "tentative list", summary from 2002〕 According to Moshe Sharon, following Kutcher, the name of the city was more correctly Beit She'arayim (the House (or Village) of Two Gates).〔Sharon, Moshe (2004), Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. III, D-F; page XXXVII ()〕 ==History== Beit She'arim was founded at the end of the 1st century BCE, during the reign of King Herod. It was a prosperous Jewish town until destroyed by fire in 352, at the end of the Jewish revolt against Gallus.〔Benjamin Mazar, ''Beth She'arim : Report on the Excavations during 1936-1940'', Vol. I, p19.〕 After some time it was renewed as a Byzantine city.〔 From the early Arab period (7th century), settlement was sparse.〔Mazar, p20.〕 A small Arab village called Sheikh Bureik was located here in the late 16th century.〔Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977), Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband, Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, p. 158.〕 The Roman Jewish historian Josephus Flavius referred to the city as Besara, the administrative center of the estates of Queen Berenice in the Jezreel Valley. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, the Sanhedrin (Jewish legislature and supreme council) moved to Beit She'arim.〔(Beit She'arim )〕 Rabbi Judah HaNasi, head of the Sanhedrin and compiler of the Mishna, lived there. In the last seventeen years of his life, he moved to Sepphoris for health reasons, but planned his burial in Beit She'arim on land he received as a gift from his friend, the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. The most desired burial place for Jews was the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, but in 135 CE, when Jews were barred from the area, Beit She'arim became an alternative.〔(The Holy Land: An Oxford archaeological guide, From earliest times to 1700, Jerome Murphy-O'Connor )〕 The archaeological importance of the site was recognized in the 1880s by the Survey of Western Palestine, which explored many tombs and catacombs but did no excavation.〔(Survey of Western Palestine, Vol. I, pp. 325-328 and 343-351 )〕 The Arab Palestinian village of Sheikh Bureik was located on the hill until the 1920s, when the land was purchased by the Jewish National Fund. In 1936, Alexander Zaïd, employed by the JNF as a watchman, reported that he had found a breach in the wall of one of the caves which led into another cave decorated with inscriptions.〔Mazar, p27.〕 In the 1930s and 1950s, the site was excavated by Benjamin Mazar and Nahman Avigad. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Beit She'arim National Park」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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